Different triage categorization using Emergency Severity Index (ESI) method in emergency department

Objective

Triage is basically a categorization process to prioritize various treatments for patients based on the types of disease, severity, prognosis and resource availability. However, the term triage is more appropriate to be used in the context of natural disaster or mass casualties. Within the context of emergency situation in emergency department, the term triage refers to a method used to assess the severity of patients’ condition, determine the level of priority, and mobilize the patients to the suitable care unit. ESI is a new concept of triage using five scales in classifying the patients in emergency department. The real implementation of this concept demands nurses have to immediately make assessment about patients’ condition right away, besides they must give their final decision, whether to move the patients to the ward or to let them leave the hospital.

Composite interaction tree for simultaneous learning of optimal individualized treatment rules and subgroups

Treatment response heterogeneity has long been observed in patients affected by chronic diseases. Administering an individualized treatment rule (ITR) offers an opportunity to tailor treatment strategies according to patient-specific characteristics. Overly complex machine learning methods for estimating ITRs may produce treatment rules that have higher benefit but lack transparency and interpretability. In clinical practices, it is desirable to derive a simple and interpretable ITR while maintaining certain optimality that leads to improved benefit in subgroups of patients, if not on the overall sample. In this work, we propose a tree-based robust learning method to estimate optimal piecewise linear ITRs and identify subgroups of patients with a large benefit. We achieve these goals by simultaneously identifying qualitative and quantitative interactions through a tree model, referred to as the composite interaction tree (CITree). We show that it has improved performance compared to existing methods on both overall sample and subgroups via extensive simulation studies. Lastly, we fit CITree to Research Evaluating the Value of Augmenting Medication with Psychotherapy trial for treating patients with major depressive disorders, where we identified both qualitative and quantitative interactions and subgroups of patients with a large benefit.     

Participation profiles in domestic life and peer relations as experienced by adolescents with and without impairments and long-term health conditions

Purpose: To investigate how individual and environmental factors relate to self-reported participation profiles in adolescents with and without impairments or long-term health conditions. Methods: A person-oriented approach (hierarchical cluster analysis) was used to identify cluster groups of individuals sharing participation patterns in the outcome variables frequency perceived importance in domestic life and peer relations. Cluster groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: A nine-cluster solution was chosen. All clusters included adolescents with impairment and long-term health conditions. Perceived importance of peer relations was more important than frequent attendance in domestic-life activities. Frequency of participation in dialogues and family interaction patterns seemed to affect the participation profiles more than factors related to body functions. Conclusion: Type of impairment or long-term health condition is a weaker determinant of membership in clusters depicting frequency and perceived importance in domestic life or peer relations than dialogue and family environment.     

分级诊疗制度下公立医院的实践方式思考*

推行分级诊疗是深化医药卫生体制改革的核心战略,公立医院为了适应分级诊疗的推行必须在实践过程中对相关的措施进行调整。通过分析部分省份在分级诊疗推行过程中公立医院进行的相关改革情况,针对公立医院在分级诊疗推行过程中存在的难以有效下沉医疗资源、信息化建设不到位和分级诊疗推行缺乏持久动力等问题,提出了加强医院内部管理、加强信息化建设并发展高新技术以及完善激励机制等措施,使公立医院在分级诊疗过程中发挥更重要的作用。     

Simultaneous measurement of patient dose and distribution of indoor scattered radiation during digital breast tomosynthesis

Introduction

Breast cancer incidence increases from the age of 30 years. As this age range coincides with that in which women usually pursue pregnancy, undergoing medical examinations for conditions such as breast cancer is a concern, especially when pregnancy is uncertain during the first eight weeks. Moreover, in this age range, breast often exhibits a high density, thus compromising diagnosis. For such density, digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) provides a more accurate diagnosis than 2D mammography given its higher sensitivity and specificity. However, radiation exposure increases during DBT, and it should be determined.

ICU临床实习阶段Sandwich教学法的应用分析

目的研究并分析Sandwich教学法应用于ICU临床实习阶段的临床价值及效果。方法选取时间段为2017年5月—2018年5月70例在本院ICU临床实习生作为研究对象,以数字表法随机分为常规组(35例)与研究组(35例),常规组采用常规带教实习教学方法,研究组实施Sandwich教学法,对两组实习生的教学效果展开对比。结果研究组的考试成绩、课堂活跃度、学生参与教学的主动性、学习积极性等均优于常规组,差异有统计意义(P<0.05)。结论ICU临床实习阶段采用Sandwich教学法,可以有效提升ICU实习生教学效果,提升实习生知识掌握水平和学习能力,应用价值显著。     

情境模拟案例教学法在护士规范化培训中的应用效果

目的研究情境模拟案例教学法在护士规范化培训中的应用效果。方法选择2017年8月-2018年7月在医院外科系统进行规范化培训的护士60名作为对照组,接受常规模式的规范化培训;而选择2018年8月-2019年7月进行规范化培训的护士60名作为研究组,在规培期间引入情境模拟案例教学法。规培结束后,考核并比较两组规培护士的理论知识和临床护理操作,测评规培护士的评判性思维能力,调查规培护士对规培模式的满意度。结果对照组的理论知识和临床护理操作的得分分别是(86.7±7.5)分、(82.8±8.7)分,而研究组的得分则分别是(91.3±8.4)分、(87.5±8.1)分;与对照组相比,研究组护士对理论知识的掌握和临床护理操作技能更强(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,研究组规培护士具有更强的批判性思维能力(P<0.05)。而且,研究组护士对情境模拟案例教学模式的满意度要优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论情境模拟案例教学法在护士规范化培训中效果较好,可显著提高规培护士的理论及实践操作的综合能力以及评判性思维能力。     

医学高校师生对PBL的评价与期望对比研究

目的进行医学高校师生对PBL法的评价与期望对比研究。方法以某医学高校师生为研究对象,以问卷调查数据为基础,进行医科院校师生对于现行PBL法的教学课堂评价与期望的对比研究。结果高校师生对PBL法的评价与期望存在部分差异,学生对该教学法的实施普遍期待,但超过半数学生不知道如何参与;部分教师表示其在实际操作中可能存在问题与局限;在激发学生学习兴趣与主动性方面,几乎所有教师都认同该教学方法,但大部分学生却怀有不确定或中立态度。尽管存在差异,但师生们对PBL法提高学生自主学习能力等方面的优点都表现出一致性赞同。结论 PBL教学法在提高学生综合素质与课堂质量方面的显著成效符合新时期医学高校师生的期望,但也不能忽视其在实际操作中可能存在的困难与局限;教师可在今后传统课堂模式中逐渐融入PBL教学法,在实践中加以改良,达到高效完成课堂教学的目的。     

辛开苦降法治疗慢性肾小球肾炎初探

辛开苦降法为中医临床常用治法。本文通过探析辛开苦降法的源流和内涵,总结辛开苦降法在慢性肾小球肾炎治疗中的临床应用。辛开苦降法以苦辛之药配伍应用,具有燮理阴阳、平调寒热、调运气机、清利湿热、清化瘀热之功。慢性肾小球肾炎以本虚标实、虚实夹杂为病机特点,以机体阴阳失衡、肺脾肾三脏亏虚为本,以气机不调与湿热、瘀血阻滞为标。辛开苦降法可调补肺脾肾三脏之虚平燮阴阳,又可调运气机以清湿热、化瘀热,颇合慢性肾小球肾炎的病机特点。辛开苦降法在慢性肾脏病中的应用,为慢性肾小球肾炎的临床治疗提供了新的思路与方法,最后附典型病案1则加以说明。     

药物临床试验伦理审查质量风险的管理研究

目的:为提高我国药物临床试验伦理审查质量、保障受试者权益提供参考。方法:以风险管理理论为指导,运用文献研究法、专家意见法和层次分析法对药物临床试验伦理审查流程进行梳理,提取并确定影响伦理审查质量的风险因素及其权重,并对我国药物临床试验伦理审查工作提出改进建议。结果与结论:构建的药物临床试验伦理审查风险指标体系包括5个方面共31个影响因素,其中影响药物临床试验伦理审查质量的5个方面的重要性(权重)排序依次为医学伦理委员会的自身建设(0.2635)、审查会议的管理(0.2514)、跟踪审查(0.1945)、审查申请的受理与处理(0.1892)、文件档案的管理(0.1014);权重较高的影响因素包括"讨论投票过程利益冲突人员回避(0.0787)""对方案修改、知情同意修改、严重不良事件等情形及时审查或召开会议讨论(0.0705)""明确伦理审查工作流程及时间并对外公示(0.0598)""统一、规范的审查标准与批准标准(0.0521)"等。建议可通过讨论投票环节利益冲突人员予以回避,对方案修改、知情同意修改、严重不良事件等情形及时审查或召开伦理会议讨论,明确伦理审查工作流程及时间,建立统一、规范的审查标准和批准标准等方式提高药物临床试验伦理审查的质量。